---
title: "On Using and Extending the `MsBackendRawFileReader` Backend"
author:
- name: Tobias Kockmann
  affiliation:
    - &id Functional Genomics Center Zurich - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich
  email: Tobias.Kockmann@fgcz.ethz.ch
- name: Christian Panse
  affiliation:
    - *id
    - Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics
  email: cp@fgcz.ethz.ch
package: MsBackendRawFileReader
output:
  BiocStyle::html_document:
    toc_float: true
abstract: |
  `r BiocStyle::Biocpkg("MsBackendRawFileReader")` implements an
  MsBackend for the `r BiocStyle::Biocpkg("Spectra")` package using
  Thermo Fisher Scientific's NewRawFileReader .Net libraries.
  The package is generalizing the functionallity provided by the
  `r BiocStyle::Biocpkg("rawrr")`. The vignette utilizes data provided through
  the `r BiocStyle::Biocpkg("tartare")` package. 
vignette: |
  %\VignetteIndexEntry{On Using and Extending the `MsBackendRawFileReader` Backend.}
  %\VignetteEngine{knitr::rmarkdown}
  %\VignetteEncoding{UTF-8}
bibliography:
  - MsBackendRawFileReader.bib
---

```{r style, echo = FALSE, results = 'asis'}
BiocStyle::markdown()
knitr::opts_chunk$set(fig.wide = TRUE, fig.retina = 3)
```
The figure below depicts the idea of the `r BiocStyle::Biocpkg("Spectra")` framework.
For a detailed description, read [@Spectra].

```{r arch, echo=FALSE, out.width="80%", eval=TRUE, fig.cap="Integration of rawDiag and rawrr into the Spectra ecosystem (by courtesy of Johannes Rainer)."}
  knitr::include_graphics("arch.jpg")
```

# Requirements

```{r require}
suppressMessages(
  stopifnot(require(Spectra),
            require(MsBackendRawFileReader),
            require(tartare),
            require(BiocParallel))
)
```

assemblies aka Common Intermediate Language bytecode  The download and install
can be done on all platforms using the command:
`rawrr::installRawFileReaderDLLs()`

```{r installAssemblies, echo=TRUE}
if (isFALSE(rawrr::.checkDllInMonoPath())){
  rawrr::installRawFileReaderDLLs()
}

if (isFALSE(file.exists(rawrr:::.rawrrAssembly()))){
 rawrr::installRawrrExe()
}
```


# Load data

```{r tartareEH4547, warning=FALSE, message=FALSE, eval=TRUE}
# fetch via ExperimentHub
library(ExperimentHub)
eh <- ExperimentHub::ExperimentHub()
```

```{r tartare}
query(eh, c('tartare'))
```

The RawFileReader libraries require a file extension ending with `.raw`.

```{r EH3220, message=FALSE, warning=FALSE}
EH3220 <- normalizePath(eh[["EH3220"]])
(rawfileEH3220 <- paste0(EH3220, ".raw"))
if (!file.exists(rawfileEH3220)){
  file.link(EH3220, rawfileEH3220)
}

EH3222 <- normalizePath(eh[["EH3222"]])
(rawfileEH3222 <- paste0(EH3222, ".raw"))
if (!file.exists(rawfileEH3222)){
  file.link(EH3222, rawfileEH3222)
}

EH4547  <- normalizePath(eh[["EH4547"]])
(rawfileEH4547  <- paste0(EH4547 , ".raw"))
if (!file.exists(rawfileEH4547 )){
  file.link(EH4547 , rawfileEH4547 )
}
```

# Usage

Call the constructor using `Spectra::backendInitialize`, see also [@Spectra].

```{r backendInitializeMsBackendRawFileReader, message=FALSE}
beRaw <- Spectra::backendInitialize(
  MsBackendRawFileReader::MsBackendRawFileReader(),
  files = c(rawfileEH3220, rawfileEH3222, rawfileEH4547))
```

Call the print method

```{r show}
beRaw
```

```{r spectraVariables}
beRaw |> Spectra::spectraVariables()
```

# Application example

## Peptide Identification

Here we reproduce the Figure 2 of @rawrr `r BiocStyle::Biocpkg("rawrr")`.
The `r BiocStyle::Githubpkg("fgcz/MsBackendRawFileReader")` ships with a 
`filterScan` method  using functionality provided by the C# libraries by 
Thermo Fisher Scientific @rawfilereader.

```{r rawrrFigure2, fig.cap = "Peptide spectrum match. The vertical grey lines indicate the *in-silico* computed y-ions of the peptide precusor LGGNEQVTR++ as calculated by the [protViz]( https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=protViz) package."}
(S <- (beRaw |>  
   filterScan("FTMS + c NSI Full ms2 487.2567@hcd27.00 [100.0000-1015.0000]") )[437]) |> 
  plotSpectra()

# supposed to be scanIndex 9594
S

# add yIonSeries to the plot
(yIonSeries <- protViz::fragmentIon("LGGNEQVTR")[[1]]$y[1:8])
names(yIonSeries) <- paste0("y", seq(1, length(yIonSeries)))
abline(v = yIonSeries, col='#DDDDDD88', lwd=5)
axis(3, yIonSeries, names(yIonSeries))
```



## Class extension

For demonstration reasons, we extent the `MsBackend` class by a filter method.
The `filterIons` function returns spectra if and only if all fragment ions,
given as argument, match. We use `r BiocStyle::CRANpkg("protViz")``::findNN`
binary search
method for determining the nearest mZ peak for each ion.
If the mass error between an ion and an mz value is less than the given mass
tolerance, an ion is considered a hit.
 
```{r defineFilterIon}
setGeneric("filterIons", function(object, ...) standardGeneric("filterIons"))

setMethod("filterIons", "MsBackend",
  function(object, mZ=numeric(), tol=numeric(), ...) {
    
    keep <- lapply(peaksData(object, BPPARAM = bpparam()),
                   FUN=function(x){
       NN <- protViz::findNN(mZ, x[, 1])
       hit <- (error <- mZ - x[NN, 1]) < tol & x[NN, 2] >= quantile(x[, 2], .9)
       if (sum(hit) == length(mZ))
         TRUE
       else
         FALSE
                   })
    object[unlist(keep)]
  })
```

The lines below implement a simple targeted peptide search engine. The R code
snippet takes as input a `MsBackendRawFileReader` object containing
`r length(beRaw)` spectra and y-fragment-ion mZ values determined for
`LGGNEQVTR++`.

```{r applyFilterIons}
start_time <- Sys.time()
X <- beRaw |> 
  MsBackendRawFileReader::filterScan("FTMS + c NSI Full ms2 487.2567@hcd27.00 [100.0000-1015.0000]") |>
  filterIons(yIonSeries, tol = 0.005) |> 
  Spectra::Spectra() |>
  Spectra::peaksData() 
end_time <- Sys.time()
```

The defined `filterIons` method runs on 
`r length(beRaw |> MsBackendRawFileReader::filterScan("FTMS + c NSI Full ms2 487.2567@hcd27.00 [100.0000-1015.0000]"))` input spectra and returns `r length(X)` spectra.

The runtime is shown below.

```{r runTime}
end_time - start_time
```

Next, we define and apply a method for graphing `LGGNEQVTR` peptide spectrum
matches. Also, the function returns some statistics of the match.

```{r definePlotLGGNEQVTR}
## A helper plot function to visualize a peptide spectrum match for 
## the LGGNEQVTR peptide.
.plot.LGGNEQVTR <- function(x){
  
  yIonSeries <- protViz::fragmentIon("LGGNEQVTR")[[1]]$y[1:8]
  names(yIonSeries) <- paste0("y", seq(1, length(yIonSeries)))
  
  plot(x, type = 'h', xlim = range(yIonSeries))
  abline(v = yIonSeries, col = '#DDDDDD88', lwd=5)
  axis(3, yIonSeries, names(yIonSeries))
  
  # find nearest mZ value
  idx <- protViz::findNN(yIonSeries, x[,1])
  
  data.frame(
    ion = names(yIonSeries),
    mZ.yIon = yIonSeries,
    mZ = x[idx, 1],
    intensity = x[idx, 2]
  )
}
```

```{r filterIons2, fig.height=8, fig.cap = "Visualizing of the LGGNEQVTR spectrum matches.", echo=FALSE}
op <- par(mfrow=c(4, 1), mar=c(4, 4, 4, 1))
XC <- X |>
  lapply(FUN = .plot.LGGNEQVTR) |>
  Reduce(f = rbind) 
```


```{r sanityCheck, error=FALSE}
stats::aggregate(mZ ~ ion, data = XC, FUN = base::mean)
stats::aggregate(intensity ~ ion, data = XC, FUN = base::max)
```

We demonstrate the `Spectra::combinePeaks` method and aggregate the four spectra
into a single peak matrix. The statistics returned by `.plot.LGGNEQVTR()` should
be identical to the aggregation code snippet output above.

```{r combinePeaks, fig.cap = "Combined LGGNEQVTR peptide spectrum match plot.", error = TRUE}
X |>
  Spectra::combinePeaks(ppm=10, intensityFun=base::max) |>
  .plot.LGGNEQVTR()
```

## Export Mascot Generic Format File

Below we demonstrate the interaction with the `r Biocpkg('MsBackendMgf')`
package while composing a Mascot Generic Format
[mgf](http://www.matrixscience.com/help/data_file_help.html#GEN) file which
is compatible with conducting an MS/MS Ions Search using Mascot Server (>=2.7)
@Perkins1999.

```{r MsBackendMgf}
if (require(MsBackendMgf)){
    ## Map Spectra variables to Mascot Server compatible vocabulary.
    map <- c(custom = "TITLE",
             msLevel = "CHARGE",
             scanIndex = "SCANS",
             precursorMz = "PEPMASS",
             rtime = "RTINSECONDS")
    
    ## Compose custom TITLE
    beRaw$custom <- paste0("File: ", beRaw$dataOrigin, " ; SpectrumID: ", S$scanIndex)
    
    (mgf <- tempfile(fileext = '.mgf'))
    
    (beRaw |>
            filterScan("FTMS + c NSI Full ms2 487.2567@hcd27.00 [100.0000-1015.0000]") )[437] |>
        Spectra::Spectra() |>
        Spectra::selectSpectraVariables(c("rtime", "precursorMz",
                                          "precursorCharge", "msLevel", "scanIndex", "custom")) |>
        MsBackendMgf::export(backend = MsBackendMgf::MsBackendMgf(),
                             file = mgf, map = map)
    readLines(mgf) |> head(12)
    readLines(mgf) |> tail()
}
```

To extract all tandem spectra, you can use the code snippets below

```{r allMS2}
S <- Spectra::backendInitialize(
  MsBackendRawFileReader::MsBackendRawFileReader(),
  files = c(rawfileEH4547)) |>
  Spectra() 

S
```

```{r writeMGF, eval=FALSE}
S |>
  MsBackendMgf::export(backend = MsBackendMgf::MsBackendMgf(),
                       file = mgf,
                       map = map)
```

Next, we generate an mgf file for each scan type. This is helpful,
e.g., for optimizing search settings tandem mass spectrometry sequence
database search tool as comet @comet2012 or mascot server @Perkins1999.

```{r defineScanTypePattern}
## Define scanType patterns
scanTypePattern <- list(
  EThcD.lowres = "ITMS.+sa Full ms2.+@etd.+@hcd.+",
  ETciD.lowres = "ITMS.+sa Full ms2.+@etd.+@cid.+",
  CID.lowres = "ITMS[^@]+@cid[^@]+$",
  HCD.lowres = "ITMS[^@]+@hcd[^@]+$",
  EThcD.highres = "FTMS.+sa Full ms2.+@etd.+@hcd.+",
  HCD.highres = "FTMS[^@]+@hcd[^@]+$"
)
```

```{r custom0}
beRaw <- Spectra::backendInitialize(
  MsBackendRawFileReader::MsBackendRawFileReader(),
  files = c(rawrr::sampleFilePath()))
```

```{r custom1}
beRaw <- Spectra::backendInitialize(
  MsBackendRawFileReader::MsBackendRawFileReader(),
  files = rawrr::sampleFilePath())

beRaw$custom <- paste0("File: ", gsub("/srv/www/htdocs/Data2San/", "", beRaw$dataOrigin), " ; SpectrumID: ", beRaw$scanIndex)
```

```{r generate_mgf}
.generate_mgf <- function(ext, pattern,  dir=tempdir(), ...){
  mgf <- file.path(dir, paste0(sub("\\.raw", "", unique(basename(beRaw$dataOrigin))),
                               ".", ext, ".mgf"))

  idx <- beRaw$scanType |> grepl(patter=pattern)

  if (sum(idx) == 0) return (NULL)

  message(paste0("Extracting ", sum(idx), " ",
                 pattern, " scans\n\t to file ", mgf, " ..."))

  beRaw[which(idx)] |>
    Spectra::Spectra() |>
    Spectra::selectSpectraVariables(c("rtime", "precursorMz",
    "precursorCharge", "msLevel", "scanIndex", "custom")) |>
    MsBackendMgf::export(backend = MsBackendMgf::MsBackendMgf(),
                         file = mgf,
                         map = map)

  mgf
}

#mapply(ext = names(scanTypePattern),
#      scanTypePattern,
#       FUN = .generate_mgf) |>
#  lapply(FUN = function(f){if (file.exists(f)) {readLines(f) |> head()}})
```

## Procesing queue

Given the task, we want to filter an MS2 of peak list recorded on an Orbitrap
device to be interested only in the top peak within 100 Da mass windows. The
following code snippet will demonstrate a solution.

```{r defineTopN}
## Define a function that takes a matrix as input and derives
## the top n most intense peaks within a mass window.
## Of note, here, we require centroided data. (no profile mode!)
MsBackendRawFileReader:::.top_n
```
We add our custom code to the processing queue of the Spectra object.
Of note, we use `n = 1` in praxis `n = 10` for a 100 Da mass window, which seems
to be a practical choice.

```{r applyProcessing}
S_2 <- Spectra::addProcessing(S, MsBackendRawFileReader:::.top_n, n = 1) 
```

The plot below displays a visual control of the custom filter function `top_n.`
On the top is the original spectrum, and the filtered one is on the bottom.
A point indicates peaks that match.

```{r plotSpectraMirror9594, fig.retina=3, fig.cap = "Spectra mirror plot of the filtered  (bottom) and unfiltered scan 9594.", error=TRUE}
Spectra::plotSpectraMirror(S[9594], S_2[9594], ppm = 50)
```


The following snippet prints the values of the filtered peaklist and the mZ
values of the y-ions.

```{r compare9594mZValues}
S_2[9594] |> mz() |> unlist()
yIonSeries
```



# Evaluation

## Efficiency - I/O Benchmark

When reading spectra the
`MsBackendRawFileReader:::.RawFileReader_read_peaks`
method is calling the 
`rawrr::readSpectrum`
method.

The figure below displays the time performance for reading a single spectrum in
dependency from the chunk size (how many spectra are read in one function call)
for reading different numbers of overall spectra.

```{r readBenchmarkData, fig.cap="I/O Benchmark. The XY plot graphs how many spectra the backend can read in one second versus the chunk size of the rawrr::readSpectrum method for different compute architectures."}

ioBm <- file.path(system.file(package = 'MsBackendRawFileReader'),
               'extdata', 'specs.csv') |>
  read.csv2(header=TRUE)

# perform and include a local IO benchmark
ioBmLocal <- ioBenchmark(1000, c(32, 64, 128, 256), rawfile = rawfileEH4547)


lattice::xyplot((1 / as.numeric(time)) * workers ~ size | factor(n) ,
                group = host,
                data = rbind(ioBm, ioBmLocal),
                horizontal = FALSE,
		scales=list(y = list(log = 10)),
                auto.key = TRUE,
                layout = c(3, 1),
                ylab = 'spectra read in one second',
                xlab = 'number of spectra / file')
```

## Effectiveness

We compare the output of the Thermo Fischer Scientific raw files versus
their corresponding mzXML files using `Spectra::MsBackendMzR` relying on the
`r BiocStyle::Biocpkg("mzR")` package.

```{r mzXML}
mzXMLEH3219 <- normalizePath(eh[["EH3219"]])
mzXMLEH3221 <- normalizePath(eh[["EH3221"]])
```

```{r backendInitialize, message=FALSE, fig.cap='Aggregated intensities mzXML versus raw of the 1st 100 spectra.', message=FALSE, warning=FALSE, fig.width=5, fig.height=5}
if (require(mzR)){
  beMzXML <- Spectra::backendInitialize(
    Spectra::MsBackendMzR(),
    files = c(mzXMLEH3219))
  
  beRaw <- Spectra::backendInitialize(
    MsBackendRawFileReader::MsBackendRawFileReader(),
    files = c(rawfileEH3220))
  
  intensity.xml <- sapply(intensity(beMzXML[1:100]), sum)
  intensity.raw <- sapply(intensity(beRaw[1:100]), sum)
  
  plot(intensity.xml ~ intensity.raw, log = 'xy', asp = 1,
    pch = 16, col = rgb(0.5, 0.5, 0.5, alpha=0.5), cex=2)
  abline(lm(intensity.xml ~ intensity.raw), 
  	col='red')
}
```

Are all scans of the raw file in the mzXML file?

```{r}
if (require(mzR)){
  table(scanIndex(beRaw) %in% scanIndex(beMzXML))
}
```

# Session information {-}

```{r sessionInfo}
sessionInfo()
```

# References {-}
